Congestive Heart Failure And Failure - 1389 Words

Introduction Congestive heart failure (CHF), also called chronic heart failure or congestive cardiac failure (CCF) is a clinical condition where heart muscle is weakened and cannot pump the blood as well as the normal heart. The ventricle, also known as main pumping chamber of the heart become larger or thicker which leads to inability to contract or relax as it should. â€Å"There is no universally agreed definition of heart failure (Denolin et al., 1983). It is the consequence of cardiac disease, diagnosis is clinically based on sign and symptoms manifested due to circulatory and neuro-hormonal response to cardiac dysfunction is heart failure (Poole-Wilson). The major and escalating public health problem in developed and industrialized country with aging population is congestive heart failure. According to Gaves (1991), the indication for hospitalization among adult over 65years of age is congestive heart failure. Over the past two decades admission rate to treat this condition have exponentia lly increased (Ghali et al., 1990). The quality and quantity of life of the patient of CHF is robbed (McMurry et al., 1998; McMurry Stewart, 2000; Petrie McMurry, 2001; Murdoch McMurry, 2000). The epidemiology of the heart failure remain vast and inadequate. The rate of cardiovascular disease in Australia is highest comparison to rest of the world, despite of its significant advancement and progress in health industry, out of this sizeable portion of group is represented by heartShow MoreRelatedCongestive Failure Of Congestive Heart Failure1832 Words   |  8 Pages What is congestive heart failure? Congestive heart failure which is simply referred to as heart failure is a chronic progressive disease that affects the heart s ability to pump blood effectively. Specifically, it means the heart is weakened to the point that it is not able to contract and circulate blood adequately. This weakened pump creates a backup of circulation and gives rise to a host of symptoms and debilitating conditions. The word â€Å"congestive† heart failure derives its meaning fromRead MoreCongestive Failure : Congestive Heart Failure975 Words   |  4 PagesCongestive heart failure â€Å"congestive heart failure is a chronic progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood through to meet the body’s needs for blood and oxygen†(American Heart Association, 2015). When the heart fails, it pumps the blood faster to increase the output and muscle of heart become more dense and enlarged. Once the chambers are enlarged, it stretches more and contract strongly which helps to pump more blood. Due to the enlargement of the heart, a bodyRead MoreFailure Of Congestive Heart Failure1262 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Almost every one in the United States knows a person suffering from congestive heart failure. This disease has manifested its way into the lives of so many—the statistics are astounding. According to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, nearly 5 million people are affected and it is the main reason for hospital admission in older adults over the age of 65. This is a great cause for concern. In order to reduce the morbidity and control this epidemic, we must first understandRead MoreFailure Of Congestive Heart Failure2459 Words   |  10 Pagesincreasing frequently (Drug Store News, 1997). Congestive heart failure tends to be more common in the elderly, men, and also African Americans. Congestive heart failure has become the most common cause for current hospital admissions. Among causing prolonged hospital stays congestive heart failure has a very high mortality rate, which has declined since recent medical advancements. So what is congestive heart failure? A simple definition is the heart s inability to pump blood to the rest of theRead MoreThe Failure Of Congestive Heart Failure1090 Words   |  5 PagesCongestive heart failure is a chronic condition that is responsible for the highest number of hospitalizations among adults. Readmission rates after hospitalization also remain high, with 50% of patients being readmitted within 6 months of discharge. (Desai Stevenson, 2012). The Affordable Care Act penalizes hospitals with readmissions within 30 days after discharge, making readmissions a focus of hospitals nationwide. Several factors including discharge planning, patient education, diet restrictionsRead MoreFailure Of Congestive Heart Failure1149 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Congestive Heart Failure is the Inability of the heart to maintain the demands of pumping blood with normal efficiency to other organs, such as the brain, liver, and kidneys (Congestive heart failure, 2008). Without the heart carrying out its functions, all the organs in the body would be deprived of sufficient blood to do its work, the kidney will no longer filter its blood leading to fluid accumulation in areas such as the lungs, liver, legs, and surrounding eye, when thisRead MoreFailure Of Congestive Heart Failure2705 Words   |  11 Pages As congestive heart failure continually increases among people worldwide it is a medical condition that is beginning to become more of a concern even for people at younger ages. It is typically a disease addressed by late age and elderly patients but many cases of earlier age have been shown. Because congestive heart failure has evolved when it comes to treatment, patients experience a remarkable difference on quality of life even over the last ten years. Although signs and symptoms remainRead Morecongestive heart failure2121 Words   |  9 Pages Congestive Heart Failure Olasumbo Dada Liberty University Abstract The prevalence of congestive heart failure is on the increase both in the United States and all over the world, and it is the leading cause of hospitalization in the elderly population. Congestive heart failure is a progressive disease generally seen in the elderly, which if not properly managed, can lead to repeated hospital admissions or death. Heart failure means that the heart muscle is weakened. A weakened heart muscleRead MoreCongestive Heart Failure1590 Words   |  7 PagesCongestive Heart Failure Toni Belsito Brookdale Community College HESC 105 Medical Terminology Congestive Heart Failure Congestive heart hailure, also known as CHF or heart failure, affects the lives of 5 million Americans each year with 550,000 new cases diagnosed yearly. (Emory healthcare, 2013) CHF is a medical condition in which the heart has become weak and cannot pump enough blood to meet the need for oxygen rich blood required by the vital organs of the body, less blood is pumpedRead MoreCongestive Heart Failure1589 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Congestive Heart Failure Congestive Heart Failure is a condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the needs of the rest of the body (Department of Health Human Services, 2012). The failure can occur in on either side of the heart. In left-side heart failure, fluid backs up into the lungs, causing shortness of breath, due to the fact that the blood entering the left side of the heart comes from the pulmonary artery, and when the left ventricle cannot pump fluid out of the

The Emergence Of Urban America - 1314 Words

Vishnu Rammohan- Chapter 21 Outline The Emergence of Urban America The Emergence of Urban America: The United States experienced urban transformation o Age of great cities, population boom more than half lived in urban areas by 1920. Distinctive urban culture created by rise of big cities. Heterogeneous population in cities. The prospect of Jobs, wealth, excitement had encouraged many to move into the big cities. New social problems had risen. Poverty, political corruption, quality of life issues. Also the increasing prevalence of segregation America’s Move to Town: Good jobs and social excitement lured workers . Contrast between rural and urban life became sharper. Explosive Urban Growth: The frontier was a societal safety valve†¦show more content†¦Growing middle class retreated to suburbs. Urban growth usually became a sprawl . Use of railways, cable cars, trolleys helped transform social character. Before, people of all classes lived and worked together in the central city. Emergence of suburbs segregated people according to economic standing. Poorer districts had more crime. The Allure and Problems of the Cities: Rural youth were attracted by wonder of city life. Thousands left for city during rural depressions. Exodus from countryside was especially evident in the East Those who moved to the city often traded one set of problems for another. No choice but to live in crowded apartments. Designers forced to build upward due to cramping o In New York City, result was dumbbell tenement houses Tightly packed, dumbbell appearance from overhead, tiny air shafts, poor heating and ventilation, fire hazard Early tenements were poorly heated, communal toilets outside, no privacy, no free space, infectious diseases, odor o Mortality rate among urban poor was higher than general population. City Politics: Sheer size of cities helped create new form of politics. A need grew for central organization to coordinate citywide services. Urban political machines developed—local committeemen, district captains, political boss. Bosses granted patronage and services—distributed food, coal, money, sponsored English classes, helped newcomers adjust

Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders

Question: Discuss about the Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders. Answer: Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus occur due to the disorders in metabolic processes and if left without treatment, it might lead to very high concentration of sugar in the blood called glucose. The management of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) for both type 1 and 2 requires the addressing of several goals which primarily includes the glycemic control and is aimed at restoring the metabolism of carbohydrate to a normal state (Shrivastava, Shrivastava Ramasamy, 2013). Maintenance of the glycemic control in the patients with DM prevents the macrovascular and microvascular complications that are associated with the disease. This essay will critically appraise three research articles for determining the management of DM. To demonstrate the argument, Shahar et al. (2016) carried out a cross-sectional study for determining the influence of self-motivation and family support towards the glycemic control and dietary compliance among the outpatients of DM type 2. The authors provided a clear statement of the aims of the research which include the management of DM in an experimental condition. About 35 study subjects were involved in the experimental settings of Malaysia wherein fasting blood glucose levels were obtained for studying them. This was followed by data collection by face to face interviews for obtaining dietary intake and socio-demographic information. Analysis of the collected data required extensive calculations and therefore, the selected quantitative method was appropriate to investigate the management of DM. The aim of the research was well addressed from the research findings as the study highlighted the critical issues related to the poor compliance to diet as it was associated with soc ial support and self-motivation which was well supported by the research design. The data analysis was done by using the SPSS software for the purpose of descriptive analysis to find out the correlation between self-motivation and family support with dietary compliance. The authors provided a clear statement of the findings as it stated that family support and self-motivation are the crucial factors that can help to increase the compliance towards the counseling of diet and the management of DM. The research was valuable from the point that it was successful to establish the fact that DM can be managed without the external interventions and rigorous processes and its implications will be fruitful for the people suffering from the disease. To carry on with the argument, Carallo et al. (2015) tested the effectiveness of an integrated care program for the management of DM type 2 that was compared with ordinary diligence. The authors employed a new organizational model named Progetto Diabete Calabria for the management of DM which was based on the empowerment of general practitioners by using electronic health records that are web based. The authors provided a clear statement of the aims of the research as they aimed to verify the efficacy of the organizational model in association with the ordinary care in a clinical setting. For addressing the research aims, the research design was appropriate as telemedicine has a profound effect on the clinical management of the patients with the exchange of medical data among the consultants and general practitioners. The strategic method of employing voice or video consultation was also crucial to maintain the contact between the hospital consultants and the general physicians. Data collection was done in a way that addressed the research issue of management of DM as the researchers collected the biochemical and clinical parameters for statistical analysis of the collected data using SPSS software. There was a clear statement of the study findings as the authors demonstrated that the program of healthcare is based on the empowerment of the general physicians was found to be equally effective to the standard management of DM. However, the study had the limitation that the participation of the study samples was on a voluntary basis for the patients and patients. Therefore, only motivated participants were selected for the study and the findings were not implicated on to the general population for the management of DM. On a similar note, Catherine et al. (2014) carried out a cohort study for determining the patient intervention of self-management that was web based on the clinical and psychological outcomes for the management of DM type 2. The authors carried out the study as they considered that self-management training for the patients could be an effective strategy for the improvement of the quality of care and for doing this, they employed qualitative individual interviews and repeated measures modeling. The selected research design of the quantitative study was appropriately framed for addressing the aims of the research. The data collection process included in-depth interviews for exploring the mediators, weaknesses, strengths and acceptability of using websites and this procedure completely addressed the research issue. The selected research design was user centered design as the intervention procedure involved behavior change strategies and evidence-based content that addressed the aim of t he research. The data analysis was carried out using linear mixed models which were sufficiently rigorous to demonstrate the management of DM by web based interventions. The ethical issues have been taken into consideration as the study was approved by the research ethics board however, the study did not adequately consider the relationship between the participants and the researchers. The study had the limitation that the concerns of competing health have been identified as the barrier to the self-management process that was web based and the design was non-randomized. The research is valuable from the aspect that web services are used by people worldwide for health information and therefore, this study can be effective for self-management of DM. From the critiqued studies, it was found that the management of DM can be done using different approaches and strategies. Apart from these strategies, self-management of DM type 2 can be done with exercise and dietary modifications, regular monitoring of the complications and self-monitoring of the levels of blood glucose (Zatalia Sanusi, 2013). The prime goal of the management of DM is to prevent the complication development and elimination of symptoms. Controlling blood pressure and glycemia comprises of the microvascular risk reduction and smoking cessation, control of hypertension and lipids and glycemia control comprises of the macrovascular risk reduction. References Carallo, C., Scavelli, F. B., Cipolla, M., Merante, V., Medaglia, V., Irace, C., ... Calabria, P. D. (2015). Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus through Telemedicine.PloS one,10(5), e0126858. Catherine, H. Y., Parsons, J. A., Mamdani, M., Lebovic, G., Hall, S., Newton, D., ... Straus, S. E. (2014). A web-based intervention to support self-management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: effect on self-efficacy, self-care and diabetes distress.BMC medical informatics and decision making,14(1), 1. SHAHAR, S., FAKHRUDDIN, M., NIK, N. N. I., HUI, K. J., SUHAIMI, S., FARHANA, N., ... IBRAHIM, N. (2016). Family Support and Self-Motivation Influence Dietary Compliance and Glycaemic Control among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Outpatients.Malaysian Journal of Health Sciences/Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia,14(2). Shrivastava, S. R., Shrivastava, P. S., Ramasamy, J. (2013). Role of self-care in management of diabetes mellitus.Journal of Diabetes Metabolic Disorders,12(1), 1. Zatalia, S. R., Sanusi, H. (2013). The role of antioxidants in the pathophysiology, complications, and management of diabetes mellitus.Acta medica Indonesiana,45(2), 141-147.

The story is set in a hospital Essay Example For Students

The story is set in a hospital Essay The story is set in a hospital of a steamer where two discharged soldiers are returning to Russia after serving for many years in Far East with another two soldiers and a sailor. Gusev, the main character of the story is a courteous man who used to work under a naval officer. He is satisfied about his job and now dreaming to join his family soon. His delirious dreams are filled with images of his familys farm. He is apprehensive that if he does not make it home, the farm will fail and his parents will be thrown into the streets. We will write a custom essay on The story is set in a hospital specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The second main character is Pavel Ivanitch, who is educated but choleric and maverick. He considers himself a radical, a truth-teller, and a member of the revolutionary intelligentsia. He mocks Gusevs optimistic geniality. He further accuses Gusev is blind to realize the oppression he has suffered. Pavel Ivanitch denounces injustice wherever he sees it and has a reputation for being a troublemaker. Even as his illness advances, Pavel Ivanitch protests. And he refuses to believe that he can die like the others; indeed, he insists that he is recovering. While they keep spending time arguing with each other he dies before he makes it home. After a few days Gusev grows worse too. Meanwhile he starts tormenting by a vague craving, and he could not figure out what he exactly wanted. Shortly afterward, he also dies and his body is sewn up in sailcloth with two iron weights and thrown into sea. The story closes with a description of his body sinking through a school of fish while a brilliant sunset shines above. (C, Jack) Theme Although Russia was never colonized the author, Chekov brings up two ordinary characters that are suffering under the tyranny which was ruling the country that time. Gusev and Pavel Ivanitch clearly demonstrate human suffering and injustice that citizens were undergoing. Especially Gusev represents peasants who were on the edge of the society suffering from many distresses and Pavel Ivanitch represents the educated and suppressed middle class. He is a symbol of people who were seeking to stand against so called tyranny and hypocrisy. Using these two ideal characters the author makes people to think of a social reformation which he had been influenced by third world countries he had visited. The writer denounces and criticizes suffering and injustice mercilessly through Pavel Ivanitch. To tear a man out of his home, drag him twelve thousand miles away, then to drive him into consumption and. . . and what is it all for, one wonders? To turn him into a servant for some Captain Kopeikin or midshipman Dirka! How logical! Ivanitch declares his anger to Gusev at the practice of the military of uprooting men from their families to serve some perhaps undeserving officer, trample them and make them ill, by dumping them on hot, crowded ships in the knowledge that they will probably not survive the journey home. But the uneducated and simple-minded peasant Gusev was submissive and barely notices injustice. He humbly accepts his destiny, and his attitude is very authoritarian. Once telling that he was beaten by his master, arouses Pavel Ivanitchs indignant anger, Gusev feels that he deserved the punishment, as he was behaving violently towards few china men improperly. Indeed, Chekh ov seems to be raising the question of whether the peasant class should be completely free, or whether they need strong leadership. In addition Chekhov invites people to be generous rather than being concerned about themselves and their families. Gusev worries only about what will happen to his family when he is dead, about his brothers drinking and violence towards his wife, and about the possibility that his old parents will be alienated. While Pavel Ivanitch is obsessed social injustice Gusev worries about his family and business. Gusevs daydreams about his homeland and family reveals his narrow intentions whereas Pavel Ivanitch peers into every social and political abuse he can find, Gusevs concerns are more material and immediate. This contrast between Pavel Ivanitchs concern for humanity as a whole, and Gusevs more limited concern which only extends to his own family and village lead readers for Chekhovs hidden intention. Implicit in this contrast is an acknowledgement of the difficulty of achieving social and political reform in a society in which nearly eighty percent of the population was uneducated peas ants like Gusev. These peasants were apprehensive about the welfare and survival of their families, and were unlikely to have the leisure to devote their lives to ending injustice, even assuming that they understood the issues. Apparently there is an incomparable difference between Pavel Ivanitchs and Gusevs attitudes to suffering, which mirrors the gulf in nineteenth century Russian society between the intelligentsia and the peasants. Ivanitch does not make much attempt to persuade Gusev and he does not listen too much of what Pavel Ivanitch says too. When Gusev does listen, he misunderstands. Pavel Ivanitchs impassioned diatribes are shown as useless, not only because Gusev is an unsuitable audience, but because shortly after Pavel Ivanitchs final assault, on military officers who steal, he dies. This juxtaposition of events suggests the futility of the angry activism exemplified by Pavel Ivanitch. The steamer that carries the men cares for nothing, and the sea on which they travel has no sense, no pity. This gives an insight about human suffering and death are transmuted into the joy of life that the system of nature. Both Ivanitchs bitter rants and Gusevs humble concerns are rendered insignificant by the fact that they die soon after expressing them and by the implied contrast with the vastness and majesty of the natural world into which their dead bodies are thrown. When Gusevs body is thrown into the ocean and a shark begins to investigate it, the pilot-fish are delighted by the unfolding drama. The story ends with a glorious display of the sunset, with clouds massing like a triumphal arch. Nature is shown as possessing positive human characteristics that are absent from the grim and debased human life portrayed in Gusev: joy, delight, and celebration. .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d , .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d .postImageUrl , .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d , .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d:hover , .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d:visited , .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d:active { border:0!important; } .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d:active , .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u90d95830b34a8748d05def18725f3a1d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How To Structure An Inspector Calls EssayCharacter The two characters in Gusev act as foils to each other where Pavel Ivanitch is the protagonist and Gusev is the antagonist of the story. They have contrasting characteristics and respond to life and its sufferings in opposite ways. They also represent the two classes that were involved in the struggle for social justice in nineteenth-century Russia, the peasants and the intelligentsia. Gusev is a discharged soldier from the peasant class. Gusev Gusev is a simple and innocent soldier who has superstitious beliefs about how things work. He seems to be uneducated and further displays submissive and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve characteristics. This man sets out in his long voyage after years of critical work to his masters in far east. He has been serving as an orderly to a military officer but has been sent home to Russia because he is feeble and dying of tuberculosis. He fails to realize how vague his dream is, while the other soldiers and sailors are convinced that he is too weak to survive anymore. Id rather call him a selfish man who only thinks of his parents and family and does not bother about the suppression he was facing even when it seems that life will shortly end. Prosperity has not only earned from the poor innocent people but theyve made their conditions even worse, knowing that they will not survive until they reach their destination their masters set them to Russia just to save their reputations. How revolting? How cruel? To make someone work his whole life just to make a living, outside his own country and at old age to be chasten away, to be thrown away to the ocean when he dies .He fails to realize that all human beings are worth it doesnt matter whether they are poor or rich. Gusev is delirious with fever resulting from tuberculosis, so his mind slips in and out of the present reality in the course of the story. He comforts himself by imagining of snow and the cold in his home town. This shows Gusevs tendency to passively accept injustice and suffering. He preferred thinking about something else rather than confronting problems or protest about them. The method is successful within the limits of Gusevs narrow awareness. Instead of listening to Paul Ivanitchs bitter and contemptuous comments, Gusev daydreams about the folks at home, with the result that His happiness takes his breath away. He has no interest in the wider considerations of social injustice that captivate Paul Ivanitch. During his time as an orderly, Gusev obtusely did his job without thinking about whether it is fair, as Paul Ivanitch rails, to Uproot a man from home, drag him 12,000 miles, give him tuberculosis, and make him the servant of some officer. Gusev is pure apolitical and he does not think about such matters like injustice. When Paul Ivanitch repeatedly tries to alert him to injustice, Gusev completely fails to understand what he is saying. Gusevs world is his bounded only with his family and his village. He worries about his drunken brother who beats his wife, and does not respect his parents. He worries about his brothers daughter, Akulka, sticking her legs out on the family sledge and getting frostbitten. He also worries about what will happen to the family after his death: he fears that the home will go to rack and ruin and that his parents will be thrown into street. Gusevs narrow range of interests draws attention to the wider problem of how social injustice could continue persistent in Russia at a time when the majority of the population was people like Gusev: simple, uneducated, passive, and unintelligent. Gusev is capable of making a sound against injustice but it takes the form of brutal violence. He describes an occasion when he beat up some Chinese men merely for coming into his yard. He does not know why he hit them. The same impulse occurs when he looks through the porthole of the ship and sees a fat Chinese man in a boat. Gusev thinks, for no good reason, that greasy one needs a good clout on the neck. Paul Ivanitch doesnt accept Gusevs passive acceptance of punishment from the officer for beating up the Chinese men, but it is tempting to conclude not only that Gusev needs to be governed by an authority figure, but also that he deserved his punishment. This persistent idea of him exists throughout the story till he dies making him a consistent character. Pavel Ivanitch Pavel Ivanitch is also a discharged soldier who has served for three years in the Far East and has been discharged because he is dying of tuberculosis. He feels superior to the other men in the ship infirmary, whom he rejects as a blind, benighted, down-trodden lot. He is an intellectual who is confident that he sees the truth of humanitys lot: I see everything as an eagle or hawk sees it, soaring above the earth. He is conceited of his quality of just and upright. Moreover he sees injustice everywhere and never hesitates to declare his intense and quick temper regardless of the situation. He regularly persuades placid Gusev to feel a sense of unfairness about the class system and the way he is treated by his superiors. Pavel treats Gusev with utter contempt because he is annoyed by the calm nature of Gusev and lack of comprehension of what he is saying but he does not stop convincing Gusev that he too should denounce social iniquitous. However his idea of meeting of a literary frien d displays proficiency of his ideas. .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8 , .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8 .postImageUrl , .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8 , .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8:hover , .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8:visited , .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8:active { border:0!important; } .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8:active , .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8 .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u699e0e5b4029f6fb3762165ce36fc5d8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Summary of Act 1 EssayIt is typical of Pavel Ivanitch who plans to influence people of his ideas through literature. Nevertheless the material he has to offer is not constructive for reform but tirades against the verminous bipeds he has encountered during his service in the Far East. There is insensitivity and lack of humanity, even a cruelty, in Paul Ivanitchs constantly forcing his anger and views onto the simple and complacent Gusev. Indeed, Pavel Ivanitch enjoys in his reputation as an insufferable person, declaring: I am protest incarnate. He says, even if he were imprisoned he would not stop his protest. Ivanitch might see political injustices acutely but when it co mes to his own condition, he is deluded. When his health deteriorates to the point whereby he cant even sit up, he does not ready accept that he is weak. My lungs are all right, this is only a stomach cough. He boasts of his critical attitude to my illness and medicines, in contrast to the ignorance of the other benighted people. However, even if he is unaware of his illness more than others, it is of no use to him, a few hours later he is dead. Style, Tone and Irony Like in his plays, Chekhov has ignored the established tradition of describing the situation, mood, and internal psychological states of characters in the very beginning of the story. Accordingly a very little action takes place in Gusev. Only a few main incidents can be identified throughout the whole story: Gusev and Paul Ivanitchs non-viable conversations; Gusevs daydreams, Paul Ivanitchs diatribes, and both mens decline through sickness into death followed by their burial at sea. A more traditional story would have taken the characters aspirations and made drama out of their fulfillment or frustration. Gusev dreams about his family, and Paul Ivanitch plans to meet a literary friend and telling him of the people he has met abroad. Neither man fulfills these plans, nor does particular emotion surround their on-fulfillment. The plans simply die along with the men. In terms of plot, this is deliberately anti-climactic. However, there is a climax of sorts in Gusev, but it consists in the transcendence of nature in the final sunset scene, and Gusevs joyful somersault into the natural world. On the other hand, the story sounds more criticizing the inactive, simple-minded peasants. Its revolting, the worst of it is they know perfectly well that you cant last out the long journey, and yet they put you here. Supposing you get as far as the Indian Ocean, what then? Its horrible to think of it. . . . And thats their gratitude for your faithful, irreproachable service! this statement of Ivanitch clearly proves this. Therefore we cannot deduce that the story gives a vague message as the incidents happen in the story does not reach to a proper climax. The use of dramatic irony can be seen all over the story. When Gusev is on the deck, he sees bullocks and a pony tethered there. The bullocks remind the bulls head with no eyes, which is already associated in the readers mind with Gusev. Gusev stretches out his hand to stroke the pony and Gusev responds with an angry curse when it bites Gusevs hand. The incident humorously comments on Gusevs own tendency to lash out violently at innocent people. A unique quality I noticed in Chekhovs writings is his fair treatment of his characters. This is shown in his use of a similar juxtaposition of events to comment ironically on Paul Ivanitch. After Paul Ivanitchs long brag about being protest incarnate, Gusev looks out through the porthole and sees some Chinese men in a boat holding up cages of canary birds, which they were reselling, and shouting sing, sing. Just like the canaries sing in their cages, Paul Ivanitch outbursts ineffectually in the ships hospital. In a further irony, Pavel Ivani tchs boasting of is how he would continue to protest even if he were imprisoned in a cellar gives a sense of humor. He is already stuck in a sick-bay but does not stop wasting his breath. His words just vanish into the air giving no use at all, like the superfluous and meaningless as the canaries songs. This implication is convinced by both mens deaths shortly afterwards. Symbolism It was getting dark; it would soon be night. The very first line of the story suggests the deaths of Gusev and Ivanitch, convincing Chekhovs use of symbols. He uses subtle symbolism in order to give insights of his characters. The image of the eyeless bulls head that frequently enters Gusevs reverie symbolizes Gusevs somewhat primitive nature, and its eye-lessness suggests his lack of vision and understanding of the world around him. In addition the black smoke and clouds that drift into his consciousness is similarly suggestive of a fogginess of vision. The fact that the horse and sledge that plays such an important part in Gusevs reveries no longer move ahead when enveloped in the black smoke suggests the stagnation of the peasantry. Chekhovs skill in using symbolism is evident in the fact that both bulls heads and black smoke would be familiar sights in Gusevs village (real black smoke comes from a pottery chimney near his family home). Therefore the images have a naturalistic ton e as well as symbolic value. Sometimes, the association of seemingly unrelated events is used symbolically to comment on the characters. While they were sailing a big fish came into collision with their ship and stove a hole in it. Apparently this statement of Gusev does not make any sense but when its deeply analyzed the writer has compared Gusev life which is sinking because of the devastation done by his masters.